Thursday, December 26, 2019

Introduction to the Lapita Cultural Complex

The Lapita culture is the name given to the artifactual remains associated with the people who settled the area east of the Solomon Islands called Remote Oceania between 3400 and 2900 years ago. The earliest Lapita sites are located in the Bismarck islands, and within 400 years of their founding, the Lapita had spread over an area of 3,400 kilometers, stretching through the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, and New Caledonia, and eastward to Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa. Located on small islands and the coasts of larger islands, and separated from one another by as much as 350 kilometers, the Lapita lived in villages of stilt-legged houses and earth-ovens, made distinctive pottery, fished and exploited marine and aquacultural resources, raised domestic chickens, pigs and dogs, and grew fruit- and nut-bearing trees. Lapita Cultural Attributes Pottery making workshop demonstrating Lapita pottery styles as part of Heritage Month 2017 in New Caledonia. Gà ©rard Lapita pottery consists of mostly plain, red-slipped, coral sand-tempered wares; but a small percentage are ornately decorated, with intricate geometric designs incised or stamped onto the surface with a fine-toothed dentate stamp, perhaps made of turtle or clamshell. One often-repeated motif in Lapita pottery is what appears to be stylized eyes and nose of a human or animal face. The pottery is built, not wheel thrown, and low-temperature fired. Other artifacts found at Lapita sites include shell tools including fishhooks, obsidian, and other cherts, stone adzes, personal ornaments such as beads, rings, pendants and carved bone. That artifacts are not completely uniform throughout Polynesia, but rather seem to be spatially variable. Tattooing The practice of tattooing has been reported in ethnographic and historical records throughout the Pacific, by one of two methods: cutting and piercing. In some cases, a series of very small cuts is made to create a line, and then pigment was rubbed into the open wound. A second method involves the use of a sharp point which is dipped into the prepared pigment and then used to pierce the skin. Evidence for tattooing in Lapita cultural sites has been identified in the form of small flake points made by alternating retouch. These tools sometimes categorized as gravers have a typically square body with a point raised well above the body. A 2018 study combining use-wear and residue analysis was conducted by Robin Torrence and colleagues on a collection of 56 such tools from seven sites. They found a considerable variation across time and space as to how the tools were used to intentionally introduce charcoal and ochre into wounds to create a permanent mark on the skin. Origins of the Lapita Young men in canoes in Northwest Malakula, Vanuatu.   Russell Gray Heidi Colleran (Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History) In 2018, a multidisciplinary study of DNA by the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History reported support for ongoing multiple explorations of greater Oceania beginning about 5,500 years ago. The study led by Max Planck researcher Cosimo Posth looked at the DNA of 19 ancient individuals across Vanuatu, Tonga, French Polynesia and the Solomon islands, and 27 inhabitants of Vanuatu. Their results indicate that the earliest Austronesian expansion began 5,500 years ago, starting from modern-day Taiwan, and ultimately carrying people as far westward as far as Madagascar and eastward to Rapa Nui. About 2,500 years ago, people from the Bismarck archipelago began arriving on Vanuatu, in multiple waves, marrying into the Austronesian families. The continual influx of people from the Bismarcks must have been fairly small, because islanders today still speak Austronesian, rather than Papuan, as would be expected, given that the initial genetic Austronesian ancestry seen in the ancient DNA has been almost completely replaced in the modern residents.   Decades of research have identified obsidian outcrops used by the Lapita in the Admiralty Islands, West New Britain, Fergusson Island in the D’Entrecasteaux Islands, and the Banks Islands in Vanuatu. Obsidian artifacts found in datable contexts on Lapita sites throughout Melanesia have allowed researchers to refine the previously established massive colonization efforts of the Lapita sailors. Archaeological Sites Lapita, Talepakemalai in the Bismarck Islands; Nenumbo in the Solomon Islands; Kalumpang (Sulawesi); Bukit Tengorak (Sabah); Uattamdi on Kayoa Island; ECA, ECB aka Etakosarai on Eloaua Island; EHB or Erauwa on Emananus Island; Teouma on Efate Island in Vanuatu; Bogi 1, Tanamu 1, Moriapu 1, Hopo, in Papua New Guinea Sources Johns, Dilys Amanda, Geoffrey J. Irwin, and Yun K. Sung. An Early Sophisticated East Polynesian Voyaging Canoe Discovered on New Zealands Coast. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111.41 (2014): 14728–33. Print.Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth. Ancient DNA and the Human Settlement of the Pacific: A Review. Journal of Human Evolution 79 (2015): 93–104. Print.Posth, Cosimo, et al. Language Continuity Despite Population Replacement in Remote Oceania. Nature Ecology Evolution 2.4 (2018): 731–40. Print.Skelly, Robrt, et al. Tracking Ancient Beach-Lines Inland: 2600-Year-Old Dentate-Stamped Ceramics at Antiquity 88.340 (2014): 470–87. Print.Hopo, Vailala River Region, Papua New Guinea.Specht, Jim, et al. Deconstructing the Lapita Cultural Complex in the Bismarck Archipelago. Journal of Archaeological Research 22.2 (2014): 89–140. Print.Torrence, Robin, et al. Tattooing Tools and the Lapita Cultural Complex. Archaeology in Oceania 53.1 (2018): 58â⠂¬â€œ73. Print.Valentin, Frà ©dà ©rique, et al. Early Lapita Skeletons from Vanuatu Show Polynesian Craniofacial Shape: Implications for Remote Oceanic Settlement and Lapita Origins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113.2 (2016): 292–97. Print.

Wednesday, December 18, 2019

Compare and Contrast the Ways in Which Prospero Talks to...

The Tempest is about Prospero who is trapped on an island with his daughter Miranda. Prospero used to be the Duke of Milan; he is a magician and controls the spirit Ariel. Ariel was once enslaved to Sycorax how died but her son Caliban is alive. Caliban is part human part beast and he is Prospero’s slave. Prospero has different relationships with each of the characters, so he talks to them differently. Miranda and Prospero enter for the first time in the second scene. Miranda is asking Prospero whether he started the storm and if anyone had been injured. When Prospero talks to Miranda it is very loving, by calling her dear, ‘of thee my dear one’. This is him telling Miranda how much he cares for her. However sometimes when†¦show more content†¦The ‘v’ in veins makes hard sound, this relates to the mood that Prospero is in. When he is angry he appears to be quite insistent,’ speak. Tell me’. This is very authoritive use of language, which contrasts with when he was asking a question before the argument,’ hast thou, spirit, performed to point the tempest that I bade thee?’ When Prospero says this he is being relatively polite to Ariel, whereas in the quote after that he is being arrogant as though Ariel needs his permission to speak. Then Prospero is enraged and he threatens Ariel with putting him back from where he rescued him. This is quite an over reaction from just a simple question that Prospero answers quite calmly once he has finished shouting at Ariel. Prospero is nevertheless very kind to Ariel when he wants something done, ‘hence with diligince’. Here he is warning Ariel to be careful this implies that he is only worried about Ariel when he is using his magic for Prospero. Caliban is Sycorax’s half human, half beast son, and is now Prospero’s slave. We can tell from the way Prospero talks to Caliban that he detests him. One of the first things that Prospero says to Caliban is, ‘thou poisonous slave’. This shows instantly the depth of Prospero’s hatred, not only does he refer to Caliban as ‘slave’ the whole way through but he is also constantly threatening and calling him rude names. All of the offensive names that Prospero uses on Caliban usually refer to some kind ofShow MoreRelatedEssay about Shakespeare’s Characterisation of Caliban1378 Words   |  6 PagesCaliban is arguably one of the most complex characters in Shakespeare’s The Tempest, despite his low position in the social hierarchy. Primarily, we form our first impression of Caliban through what Prospero says about him. Prospero draws parallels between Caliban and his other servant Ariel, who was ‘too delicate’ to perform the ‘abhorred’ commands of the witch Sycorax. He then goes on to compare Ariel with Caliban; â€Å"a freckled whelp hag born – not honoured with/A human shape.† In line 317 of the

Tuesday, December 10, 2019

Utopia Essay Paper Example For Students

Utopia Essay Paper Utopias are generally said to be societies in which the political,social and economic troubles hampering its inhabitants has been done away with. Instead the state is there to serve the people and ensure the peacefulness andhappiness of everyone. The word utopia, which means no place in Greek, wasfirst used to mean a perfect society in 1516 in the publication of Saint ThomasMores story Utopia. The story depicted life as it was with its people andsocial institutions on an imaginary island. Mores Utopia gained criticalacclaim and a wide audience. The term was subsequently used by all prominentsocial thinkers and visionaries to define other concepts of this kind. During the 19th century many attempts were made to actually establishcommunities which followed the beliefs of a utopian society. Most wereexperiments in utopian socialism. Although they differed considerably in theirspecific views, most of them agreed that ideal societies could be createdwithout much difficulty. They felt all that was needed was to have theformation of a few small, cooperative communities made up of their followers. The comte de Saint-Simon regarded technological progress and large scaleeconomic organization as being the most important keys to the establishment ofthese communities. It was felt that industrial growth was the key to happinessfor people in the future. Another visionary, Fourier, was quite the opposite of Saint-Simon. HeSpoke strongly against the use of industry. His opinion was that agriculturalcommunities would be better suited for this situation. He favored thesecommunities as he saw them as small, self-sufficient and more importantly, freefrom the restraints that were being imposed by civilization. Experimental societies based on the theories of the utopians were alsoset up in Europe and the Unites States. They included Robert Owens cooperativecommunities in New Harmony, lnd., and New Lanark, Scotland. Most of these didnot survive long. One of the longer lasting of these communities was the OneidaCommunity. It lasted from 1848 to 1881. By the middle of the 19th century theutopian socialists were beginning to be eclipsed by more militant radicalmovements. These included anarchism and Marxism. In more modern times, utopianism has more frequently been used tosuggest a naive and impractical approach to reality. Most comes by way ofliterature with stories such as a way to expose modern societies social ills. Some prominent examples of this type of writing include George Orwells 1984 andAldous Huxleys Brave New World. The places mentioned in those stories were all imaginary. Such a placedoes not exist in the world as we know it today. Therefore the word imaginarycomes into play. I have heard of places that have experimented with the conceptof a utopian environment but none have truly succeeded. One example is thecommunity in Chicago which George Pullman attempted to control. He attempted tocreate a community in which every person was taken care for, all had adequatehousing, medical attention and so forth. In return everyone would work forPullmans company. The better he provided for his workers, the better heexpected their attitude towards working for him would be. Not everything turnedout as planned though. A panic in 1893 lead to Pullman lowering the employeeswages, he did not however lower the employees rent and other charges in thecompany town. This lead to what was called the Pullman strike. The anticipatedutopia had turned into a dystopia. (A dystopia would be the exact opposite of autopia.) Federal troops arrived on July 4th to try to control the unrest. Rioting broke out and several strikers were killed. It wasnt until July 10ththat the troops were able to control the situation. The word utopia however does not necessarily have to be used to define asociety. A utopia can also be used to define a certain situation as it isperceived by an individual. A person who feels that their life at the specificpoint in time is perfect or a person who is involved with a certain group ororganization can very well feel that they are living in a utopic way. Successes and Failures of Signals Intelligence EssayA person working at a factory, at an office or anywhere for that matterworks hard because they want to earn as much money as they possibly can. Theyknow that this money can be used for a variety of purposes that they hope willmake their lives easier, happier and overall better. Maybe theyll be able tosend their children to college. Perhaps a new car or a brand new wardrobe willmake them feel complete. Maybe they will acquire a certain prestige they desireeither from their economic or social status. People in general basically doeverything they do to reach a goal in life. It is viewed as the final stop in aseries of steps that lead to the end. The end being the place where one wins. Almost like a life-sized game of chutes and ladders. They seek their ownprivate utopia. This holds true for families all over the United States andthroughout the world. Even as I think about this, Im living my life trying to reach a pointwhere I may be happy. There are things in my wildest fantasies that would makemy life perfect in my eyes. For starters, Im writing this paper. Hopefully this will get me adecent grade. If I also get good grades on all my other classes this semesterand for the rest of the time that I attend Roosevelt University I should receivemy degree. With a degree in hand Ill go out into the job market in search of aplace to work. If and when I settle down with a company I intend to start tosave some money. With this money I hope to do a number of things. I want to pay off alldebt that Ive acquired for educational purposes. I would like to treat myselfto a semi-new automobile. Doesnt have to be the most luxurious car in theworld, but one that isnt in constant need of repair as is my current one is. Iwould like to save a little bundle on the side to be used as a down payment fora home. White picket fence, doghouse for rusty, the whole kit and caboodle. Ive always dreamt of having a house that I could call my own. No one to tellme how I have to keep the place. By then I think it may be time to settle down. Perhaps Id ask thewoman of my dreams (if not, my current girlfriend will do.) to be my lawfullywedded wife. And in these turbulent times, maybe the marriage would even be ahappy one. And if the Lord allows, I might even father a few little kids. In my house, Id love to have a large screen t.v. and a laser discplayer as I am a movie fanatic. A great big leather lazyboy in front of the t.v. would also be required. Electronic gizmos of all shapes and sizes wouldsurround me. Then as my children grew older, Id hope to be able to provide them withthe opportunity to receive a college education, as this is key to success. Tosee them go on to do well for themselves would make me very proud. By then I would start to contemplate retirement. Id hope to have anice little nest egg stashed away so that I may live comfortably for the rest ofmy life. I hope to grow old peacefully, and as gruesome as this may sound, Ihope that when my time does come, I die in my sleep. Never felling a thing. I know that many of the things I just mentioned may never happen. Manyof my wishes are just that, wishful thinking. It is just a concept of a type oflife I would like to live. Real or not. But after all, its MY private utopia. Plus we must remember that utopias in these times in their most technicaldefinition do not exist. They are merely ideas and concepts of the world as manwould wish it were. Being a man in this world of ours, I have my wishes too. Category: Philosophy

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

Review of Related Literature of Shoe Polish free essay sample

Another technique, known as spit-polishing or bull polishing , involves gently rubbing polish into the leather with a cloth and a drop of water or spit. The researchers measured trends in mortality during three time periods Remove the custom ad blocker rule s and the page will load as expected.Small Business Administration, The U Most people routinely lose between 70 and hairs The polish is generally the same colour as the shoes it will be used upon, or it may be neutral, lacking any intrinsic colour.Review of Related Literature In exploration, we find new techniques, new knowledge, even develop new substances, gadgets, equipment The Republic Act No. Coordinates efforts to improve student achievement. Shoe Polish – is a consumer product used to shine , waterproof , and restore the appearance of leather shoes or boots , thereby extending the footwear ‘s life. The most widely used shoe polish brand is Kiwi , founded in Australia in The commodities, new devices, services, in technology are needs of man for a better fuller life which is the concern of the research. We will write a custom essay sample on Review of Related Literature of Shoe Polish or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page BLACK- SHOE SHINER CHARCOAL TABLE OF CONTENTS A. There are a lots of side comments about this said educational system from the parents and also the students. While sales were not especially high, a few brands, like Nugget, were available in the U. The high amount of volatile substances means that the shoe polish will dry out and harden after application, while retaining its shine.The rise of technology is spreading in the recent years. A literature review is the effective evaluation of selected documents on a research topic. Social networking takes place among people who share something. The act was approved on June 7, http: The poured mass is allowed to settle slowly, providing uniform distribution.The popularity of Kiwi shoe polish spread throughout the British Commonwealth and the United States. It was made from natural wax , oil , soda ash and tallow. It preserved shoe leather, made it shine, and restored color.